Adulteration Articles

Bronner, W., Nyman, P., von Minden, D. Detectability of phencyclidine and 11-nor-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in adulterated urine by radioimmunoassay and fluorescence polarization immunoassay. J. Anal. Toxicol. 14(6):368-71 (1990).

Broussard, L.A. Sample adulteration and other challenges. For. Urine Drug Test. Dec: 1-6 (1993).

Brunk, S.D. False negative GC/MS assay for carboxy THC due to ibuprofen interference. J. Anal. Tox, 12(5):290-1 (1988),

Cody, J.T., Schwarzhoff, R.H. Impact of adulterants on RIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse. J. Anal. Tox. 13(5):277-84 (1989).

Cody, J.T. Specimen adulteration in drug urinanalysis. J. Anal. Tox. 13:277 (1989).

Cody, J.T. Specimen adulteration in drug urinanalysis. For. Sci. Rev. 2:63-75 (1990)

Cone, E.J., Lange, R., Darwin, W.D. In vivo adulteration: excess fluid ingestion causes false-negative marijuana and cocaine urine test results. J. Anal. Toxicol. 22(6):460-73 (1998).

Critchfield, G.C., Wilkins, D.G., Loughmiller, D.L., Davis, B.W., Rollins, D.E. Antibody-mediated interference of a homogeneous immunoassay. J. Anal. Tox. 17(2): 69-72 (1993).

Duc, V.T. EMITŪ Tests for drugs of abuse: interference by liquid soap preparations. J. Clin. Chem. 31:358-9 (1985). 

Edwards, C., Fyfe, J.J., Liu, R.H., Walia, A.S. Evaluation of common urine specimen adulteration indicators. J. Anal. Tox. 17(4):251-2 (1993).

ElSohly, M.A., Feng, S., Kopycki, W.J., Murphy, T.P., Jones, A.B., Davis, A., Carr, D. A procedure to overcome interferences caused by the adulterant "Klear" in the GC-MS analysis of 11-nor-delta9-THC-COOH. J. Anal. Tox. 21(3):240-2 (1997).

Esposito, F.M. Problems associated with the confirmation of marijuana metabolites in urine specimens suspected of being adulterated with KLEAR (potassium nitrite). Proc. Am. Acad. For. Sci. 4: 249-250 (1998).

Fraser, D.B. Labs scramble to keep pace with schemes for defeating tests. For. Urine Drug Test. Aug: 1-6 (1997).

George, S., Braithwaite, R.A. An investigation into the extent of possible dilution of specimens received for urinary drugs of abuse screening. Addiction. 90(7):967-70 (1995)

George, S., Braithwaite, R.A. The effect of glutaraldehyde adulteration of urine specimens on syva EMIT II drugs-of-abuse assays. J. Anal. Tox. 20(3):195-6 (1996).

Gilbert, B., Johnson, R.M., and Carter, M. Demonstration of urine matrix effect on EMIT D.A.U. cannabinoids assay. J. Clin Chem.

Goldberger, B.A., and Caplan, Y.H. Effect of glutaraldehyde (Urineaid) on detection of abused drugs in urine by immunoassay. Clin. Chem. 40:1605 (1994).

Huestis, M.A., Cone, E.J. Differentiating new marijuana use from residual drug excretion in occasional marijuana users. J. Anal. Tox. 22(6):445-54 (1998).

Johnson, C.A., Cary, P.L. Intentional adulteration of urine specimens for drugs of abuse testing to produce false positive results. J. Anal. Toxicol. 14(3):195-6 (1990).

Kim, H.J. Interference by NaCl with the EMIT method of analysis for drugs of abuse. J. Clin. Chem. 22:1935-6 (1976).

King, E.J. Performance of AdultaCheck 4 test strips for the detection of adulteration at the point of collection of urine specimens used for drugs-of-abuse testing. J. Anal. Tox. 23(1):72 (1999).

Kunsman, G.W., Levine, B., and Smith, M.L. Vitamin B2 interference with TDx drugs-of-abuse assays. J. Forensic Sci. 43(6):1225-7 (1998).

Lambert, P.A. Woodbirdge, P.A., and Botie, P.N. Detection of sample contamination of urine submitted for drugs of abuse testing in a high volume setting using Olympus 5000 analyzer. J. Clin. Chem. 33:977 (1987)

Lewis, S.A. Sr., Lewis, L.A., and Tuinman, A. Potassium nitrite reaction with 11-nor-delta 9- tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid in urine in relation to the drug screening analysis. J. Forensic Sci. 44(5):951-5 (1999).

McBay, A.J. Drug-analysis technology: pitfalls and problems of drug testing. J. Clin. Chem. 33:33B. (1987).

Mikkelsen, S.L., Ash, K.O. Adulterants causing false negatives in illicit drug testing. Clin. Chem. 34(11):2333-6 (1988).

Needleman, S.B., Porvaznik, M., Ander, D. Creatinine analysis in single collection urine specimens. J. Forensic Sci. 37(4):1125-33 (1992).

O'Connor, E., Ostheimer, D., and Wu, A.H.B. Limitations of forensic urine drug testing in methodology and by adulteration. AACC TDM/Tox. 14:277-288 (1993).

Pearson, S.D., Ash, K.O., Urry, F.M. Mechanism of false-negative urine cannabinoid immunoassay screens by Visine eyedrops. Clin. Chem. 35(4):636-8 (1989).

Ros, J.J., Pelders, M.G., and De Smet, P.A. A case of positive doping associated with a botanical food supplement. Pharm. World Sci. 21(1):44-6 (1999).

Schwartz, R.H. and Bogema, R.H. Ingestion of megadoses of ascorbic acid will not produce clean urine test from marijuana smokers. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 112:769 (1988).

Schwarzhoff, R., Cody, J.T. The effects of adulterating agents on FPIA analysis of urine for drugs of abuse. J. Anal. Toxicol. 17(1):14-7 (1993).

Singh, J., Elberling, J.A., Hemphill, D.G., and Holmstrom, J. The measurement of nitrite in adulterated urine samples by high-performance ion chromatography. J. Anal. Tox. 23(3):137-40 (1999).

Stolk, L.M., Scheijen, J.L. Urine adulteration with denture-cleaning tablets. J. Anal. Tox. 21(5):403 (1997).

Tsai, S.C., ElSohly, M.A., Dubrovsky, T., Twarowska, B., Towt, J., Salamone, S.J. Determination of five abused drugs in nitrite-adulterated urine by immunoassays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Tox. 22(6):474-80 (1998).

Urry, F.M., Komaromy-Hiller, G., Staley, B., Crockett, D.K., Kushnir, M., Nelson, G., Struempler, R.E. Nitrite adulteration of workplace urine drug-testing specimens. I. Sources and associated concentrations of nitrite in urine and distinction between natural sources and adulteration. J. Anal. Tox. 22(2):89-95 (1998).

Warner, A. Interference of common household chemicals in immunoassay methods for drugs of abuse [published erratum appears in Clin Chem 35(11):2257 (1989)). Clin. Chem. 35(4):648-51 (1989).

Winek, C.L., Elzein, E.O., Wahba, W.W., and Feldman, J.A. Interference of herbal drinks with urinalysis for drugs of abuse. J. Anal. Tox. 17:246-247 (1993).

Wu, A., et al. Nitrite contamination in urine collection kit component-absorbent sheet. J. Anal. Tox. 22(5):401 (1998).

Wu, A., Bristol, B., Sexton, K, Cassella-McLane, G., Holtman, V., and Hill, D.W. Adulteration of urine by "Urine Luck". Clin. Chem. 45(7):1051-7 (1999).

Wu, A., Forte, E., Casella, G., Sun, K., Hemphill, G., Foery, R., Schanzenbach, H. CEDIA for screening drugs of abuse in urine and the effect of adulterants. J. Forensic Sci. 40(4):614-8 (1995).

Wu, A.H.B. and Rymut, K. The adulteration of urine drug testing samples with "Klear". AACC TDM Clin. Tox. Newsletter 12:1-2 (1997).

Wu, A., Schmalz, J., Bennett, W. Identification of UrinAid-adulterated urine specimens by fluorometric analysis. Clin Chem. 40(5):845-6 (1994).